Advancements in Drug Delivery Systems: Novel Technologies & Formulations

Targeting the drugs to specific organs and tissues has become one of the critical goals as the use of conventional dosage forms do not help in achieving the desired concentration at the target site during a proper time period. Discovery of new drug delivery systems is one of the growing research areas. The recently discovered new drug delivery systems include lipid, protein and polymer technologies with better lipid distribution in the body, prevention of drug degradation from external environment and reduced rate of drug clearance. This review article is about the latest advancements in drug delivery systems and novel technologies and formations produced to achieve the desired drug delivery.

The method of drug delivery plays a very crucial role on its therapeutic efficacy. Some drugs have low therapeutic index which have an optimum concentration range within which maximum therapeutic benefit is achieved and drug concentrations above or below this optimum range can be dangerous or produce no therapeutic benefit. Some drugs on other hand have a high therapeutic index and require higher concentrations of drugs to be used to produce maximum therapeutic benefit and these results in toxic effects. So under all these cases targeting the drugs to specific organs and tissues has become one of the critical goals as the use of conventional dosage forms do not help in achieving the desired concentration at the target site during a proper time period

The new drug delivery systems are discovered with the aim to resolve solubility problems, prevent external environment issues on the drug such as photodegradation and pH changes, make the drug more lipid soluble so that it can easily cross lipid barriers in the body and achieve desired concentration at the desired location for maximum therapeutic effect. Moreover, sustained and controlled targeting at the site of action and reduced time of exposure of non-targeted tissues increases the drug efficacy and reduces side effects and thus improves patient compliance towards the drugs. Currently, a number of new drug delivery systems are currently under investigation to overcome the limitations of the conventional dosage forms and improves the therapeutic efficacy and potency of the drug 

The therapeutic benefits of the new drug delivery systems include

• Increased efficacy of the drug

• Site-specific delivery

• Reduced side effects

• Increased patient compliance & convenience

• Reduced healthcare costs

  

New Drug Carriers Systems

There are several new drug carriers in the market which are being used and several others are under process of clinical trials and several others are being discovered by researchers and scientists for giving maximum benefits to the patients.

Some of the novel drug delivery systems include:

1. Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems

2. Colloidal Drug Carrier Systems

•        Liposomal delivery systems
•         Nanoparticulate delivery systems
•         Micelles
•         Dendrimers

3. Variable Release Delivery Systems

4. Implantable Delivery Systems

5. Nasal Delivery Systems

Approaches for Achieving the Desired Systems:

There are several approaches used for achieving the desired form of delivery systems. Some of the Major approaches include:

1. Sustained Release Systems

2. Controlled Release Systems

•        Reservoir Systems
•         Monolithic Systems
•         Laminated Systems
•         Chemical Systems

3. Targeted Drug Delivery Systems

•         Local Targeted Delivery
•         Differential Metabolism Approach
•         Biological Recognition
•         Biophysical Approach
•         Prodrugs

4. Pulsatile Delivery Systems

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5 Positives Influencing Clinical Trials

Clinical preliminaries have turned out to be progressively expensive endeavors, adding to the general expense of building up medication and, at last, the value that patients pay for medications.

Enormous pharma's and little biotech’s the same are searching for inventive approaches to improve preliminary results and, thus, lower preliminary expenses — this implies expanding the proficiency wherein they enroll patients, observing all the more intently how medications are provided and being increasingly adaptable about preliminary plan.

 1. Patient centricity:

Patient centricity has obviously been one of the huge buzz inside the business over the  couple of years. This hot topic is now part of clinical trials as well.

Patients are also forming more support groups to discuss their disease and available treatments and these support groups often continue past the trial.

 2. Tapping into technology:

 Pharma and biotechs are using mobile messaging to increase patient recruitment ahead of trials and then keep patients on track during clinical trials. Few Companies have shown that using mobile platforms increases patient recruitment by 30% and can reduce the cost of trials. Mobile apps can also remind patients about appointments when to take drugs and even provide instructions.

3. Data you can wear:

Expanding on the idea of using technology in clinical trials, there is a movement to have patients bring their own devices. While patients may be more comfortable with their own devices, there are still concerns about how secure the data may be and what happens if a patient loses their device.

Clinicians and pharma’s are also tapping into the use of wearables to get better patient data since the device can be with patients at all times.

4. Flexibility:

The company was able to adjust the endpoints and increase the number of patients in its Phase 3 trial for its immunotherapy. While the results will be delayed, the British company believes the new adjustments to the clinical trial will give durvalumab the best chance of succeeding, either as a combination or a monotherapy.

5. Automated site supplies:

Some pharma and biotech companies have begun to use computer-controlled supply systems to automate drug dispensing and manage site inventories. The practice is becoming more common because it allows for less waste within the supply chain and gives companies a tighter handle on the amount of drug used.

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Is Novel Drug Delivery System responsible for the Enhanced Drug Delivery?

Novel Drug Delivery System comprising the methods namely

•        Transdermal Drug Delivery system
•        Carrier Based Drug delivery system

Both the methods have been a revolution in the field of drug delivery and distribution. The aspects like bioavailability of the drug to the body and specificity of the target in body has been optimized by the improvements and discoveries made in the field of novel drug delivery system.

Targeted drug delivery system has been the major motto of the NDDS from the very start of the subject inclusion as a result many wonders are been discovered year by year which is leading to the optimized and enhanced mechanism of drug distribution and delivery with specificity in the target  

Transdermal Drug Delivery System

|| Sonophoresis

•        Mucoadhesive Delivery System
•        Supramolecular Delivery System
•        Variable Release Delivery System

|| Osmatic Pump

|| Microencapsulation

Transdermal Drug delivery system has been the major aspect to be discussed that had given the release from the administration of pain killers which are leading to drug abuse. The transdermal drug delivery patches have been the major development which later have been used not only as pain killers or analgesics but also many other targeted drug administrations.

Pros: No dose dumping, No internal administration, no drug drug interactions.

Cons: Dermal infections.

Carrier Based Drug Delivery System

• Liposomes
• Nanoparticles
• Microspheres
• Resealed Erythrocytes
• Monoclonal Antibodies

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Is there any recent advancement in Pharmacy Research?

Pharmacy is the science and strategy of planning and dispensing drugs. It may be a health profession that joins the health sciences with chemical sciences and points to ensure the safe and effective utilization of pharmaceutical drugs. The scope of pharmacy practice incorporates more conventional parts such as compounding and dispensing medications, and it too incorporates more advanced administrations related to health care, including clinical administrations, reviewing medicines for security and adequacy, and providing drug data. Pharmacists, subsequently, are the specialists on medicating therapy and are the essential health experts who optimize the use of a pharmaceutical for the advantage of the patients.

The field of pharmacy can generally be partitioned into three essential disciplines: Pharmaceutical Sciences, Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Pharmacy Practice. The boundaries between these disciplines and with other sciences, such as biochemistry, are not continuously clear-cut. Regularly, collaborative groups from different disciplines (pharmacists and other researchers) work together toward the presentation of unused therapeutics and strategies for understanding care. In any case, the pharmacy isn't an essential or biomedical science in its ordinary form. Medicinal chemistry is additionally an unmistakable department of synthetic chemistry combining pharmacology, natural chemistry, and chemical biology.

Scope of Pharmacy Profession

ü  Hospital Pharmacy

ü  Clinical Pharmacy

ü  Ambulatory Care Pharmacy

ü  Compounding Pharmacy

ü  Consultant Pharmacy

ü  Internet Pharmacy

ü  Pharmacy Informatics

ü  Military Pharmacy

Roles and Responsibilities

ü  Good Communication skills

ü  Counselling Skills

ü  Interpersonal Skills

ü  Leadership Skills

ü  Scientific Aptitude

ü  Computer skills

Conclusion:

In addition pharmacists involve in direct patient care and are taking responsibility for the resolution of drug therapy problems of individuals.

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